Isomers - Structural (Edexcel IAL Chemistry)

Spec point — 4.11

Isomers - Structural

• Structural isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

  • E.g. propene and cyclopropane

Both propene and cyclopropane are made up of 3 carbon and 6 hydrogen atoms but the structure of the two molecules differs

• There are two different types of structural isomerism you need to be aware of:

  • Chain isomerism
  • Positional isomerism

Chain isomerism

• Chain isomerism is when compounds have the same molecular formula, but their longest hydrocarbon chain is not the same

• This is caused by branching

  • E.g. pentane and 2,2-dimethylpropane

Both compounds are made up of the same atoms, however the longest carbon chain in pentane is 5 and in 2,2-dimethylpropane it is 3 (with two methyl branches)

Positional isomerism

• Positional isomers arise from differences in the position of a functional group in each isomer

  • The functional group can be located on different carbons
  • For example, butan-1-ol and butan-2-ol

Both compounds have an alcohol group and are made up of 4 carbons, 10 hydrogens and one oxygen, however in butanol the functional group is located on the first carbon and in 2-butanol on the second carbon

Worked Example Isomers of dibromopropane How many isomers are there of dibromopropane, C₃H₆Br₂?

Answer

Step 1: Draw the structural formula of the compound

Step 2: Determine whether it is a stereo or structural isomer

There is no restricted bond rotation around the C-C bond, so it is structural isomerism

Step 3: Determine whether it is a functional group, chain or positional isomerism

• Functional group? No, as Br is the only functional group possible

  • Chain? No, as the longest chain can only be 3
  • Positional? Yes, as the two bromine atoms can be bonded to different carbon atoms

Worked Example Deducing isomers of C₄H₁₀ How many isomers are there of the compound with molecular formula C₄H₁₀?

Answer

Step 1: Draw the structural formula of the compound

Step 2: Determine whether it is a stereo or structural isomer.

There is no restricted bond rotation around the C-C bond so it is structural isomerism

Step 3: Determine whether it is a functional group, chain or positional isomerism

• Functional group? No, as there are no functional groups

  • Positional? No, as there are no functional groups which can be positioned on different carbon atoms
  • Chain? Yes!