Blood Clotting (Edexcel IAL Biology)

Spec point — 1.11

Blood Clotting

• Blood clotting is an important process; it prevents excess blood loss, the entry of pathogens, and provides a barrier, or scab, under which wound healing can occur

• A break in the mucous membranes or skin membranes causes the release of molecules that trigger a chemical cascade, which results in blood clotting

• The chemical cascade involves a large number of steps and several plasma proteins

• The process of blood clotting involves

  • Platelets release thromboplastin, which acts as an enzyme
  • Calcium ions from the plasma, along with thromboplastin, trigger the conversion of soluble prothrombin protein into the enzyme thrombin
  • Thrombin catalyses the conversion of the soluble protein fibrinogen to the insoluble protein fibrin
  • Fibrin fibres mesh and tangle together, trapping platelets and red blood cells
  • A blood clot is formed

Blood clotting is brought about by a cascade of chemical reactions

Blood clots and atheromas

• Atheromas can increase the risk of blood clotting

  • The plaque deposit of an atheroma can rupture through the endothelium of the artery, damaging the endothelium and forming a rough surface
  • The damage to the endothelium triggers the process of blood clotting

• The combination of atheromas and blood clotting can be dangerous to an individual

  • The blood clot that forms can completely block the artery

    • Blood clots reduce blood flow, which restricts the movement of oxygen in the blood, therefore reducing the respiration of the surrounding cells, tissues and organs
    • The blood clots can dislodge and travel to different blood vessels in the body; if they reach the brain, this can cause a stroke to occur
    • A blood clot that forms within a blood vessel, obstructing blood flow, is called a thrombus

• Blood clotting can also lead to

  • Heart attack
  • Deep vein thrombosis

Stroke

• A stroke is a sudden loss of brain function in a localised area due to disruption of blood flow to the brain

  • A blood clot leads to a blockage of the arteries supplying the brain
  • This leads to reduced blood flow and delivery of oxygen to the cells of the brain, reducing respiration
  • Cells in the affected part of the brain cannot produce ATP and their function is reduced

• A stroke caused by a blood clot is called an ischemic stroke

Heart attack

• Coronary heart disease (CHD) is caused by the formation of atheromas and blood clots in the coronary arteries

  • The coronary arteries flow over the surface of the heart, supplying the heart muscle itself with blood

• Blood flow to certain areas of the heart is restricted and delivery of oxygen to the affected cells decreases, thereby reducing respiration in these cells

  • The cells can no longer produce ATP
  • The cells can no longer contract, reducing the force generated by the heart when it beats
  • The cells can die, causing permanent damage to heart tissue

• This leads to a myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack

• Complete heart failure may occur if large areas of the heart are affected by blood clots; this can be fatal

• Symptoms of a heat attack include

  • Chest pain
  • Shortness of breath
  • Sweating

Atheroma and blood clots in the coronary arteries can restrict blood flow to the heart muscle, leading to a heart attack

Deep vein thrombosis

• If a blood clot forms in a vein deep inside the body, it is known as deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

• This is most common in the veins of the legs

• Causes include

  • prolonged inactivity
  • old age
  • some medications