Chemistry
All 252 specification statements from the official Cambridge International specification, as printed.
1. Solids, liquids and gases
2. Diffusion
1. Elements, compounds and mixtures
2. Atomic structure and the Periodic Table
State that: to the group number in Groups I to VII equal to the period number:
3. Isotopes
4. Ions and ionic bonds
Describe the properties of ionic compounds: molten and poor when solid:
Explain in terms of structure and bonding the properties of ionic compounds: molten and poor when solid:
5. Simple molecules and covalent bonds
Describe in terms of structure and bonding the properties of simple molecular compounds:
Explain in terms of structure and bonding the properties of simple molecular compounds: terms of weak intermolecular forces (specific types of intermolecular forces are not required):
6. Giant covalent structures
Relate the structures and bonding of graphite and diamond to their uses, limited to:
7. Metallic bonding
Explain in terms of structure and bonding the properties of metals:
1. Formulae
2. Relative masses of atoms and molecules
3. The mole and the Avogadro constant
Use the relationship mass (g) amount of substance (mol) = molar mass (g / mol) to calculate: molecular / formula mass Avogadro constant:
1. Electrolysis
Identify in simple electrolytic cells: (a) the anode as the positive electrode substance that undergoes electrolysis:
Identify the products formed at the electrodes and describe the observations made during the electrolysis of: using inert electrodes made of platinum or carbon / graphite:
Describe the transfer of charge during electrolysis to include: circuit:
2. Hydrogen–oxygen fuel cells
1. Exothermic and endothermic reactions
Draw and label reaction pathway diagrams for exothermic and endothermic reactions using information provided, to include:
1. Physical and chemical changes
2. Rate of reaction
Describe the effect on the rate of reaction of: enzymes:
Describe collision theory in terms of:
Describe and explain the effect on the rate of reaction of: enzymes using collision theory:
3. Reversible reactions and equilibrium
Describe how changing the conditions can change the direction of a reversible reaction for: compounds limited to copper( II ) sulfate and cobalt( II ) chloride:
State that a reversible reaction in a closed system is at equilibrium when: the rate of the reverse reaction are no longer changing:
Predict and explain, for a reversible reaction, how the position of equilibrium is affected by: using information provided:
4. Redox
Define oxidation in terms of:
Define reduction in terms of:
Identify redox reactions by changes in oxidation number using: uncombined state is zero the same as the charge on the ion compound is zero equal to the charge on the ion:
1. The characteristic properties of acids and bases
Describe the characteristic properties of acids in terms of their reactions with:
Describe acids in terms of their effect on:
Describe the characteristic properties of bases in terms of their reactions with:
Describe alkalis in terms of their effect on:
2. Oxides
3. Preparation of salts
Describe the preparation, separation and purification of soluble salts by reaction of an acid with:
Describe the general solubility rules for salts: soluble and lead potassium and ammonium potassium, ammonium and calcium (partially):
1. Arrangement of elements
2. Group I properties
Describe the Group I alkali metals, lithium, sodium and potassium, as relatively soft metals with general trends down the group, limited to:
3. Group VII properties
Describe the Group VII halogens, chlorine, bromine and iodine, as diatomic non-metals with general trends down the group, limited to:
State the appearance of the halogens at r.t.p. as:
4. Transition elements
Describe the transition elements as metals that: compounds:
5. Noble gases
1. Properties of metals
Compare the general physical properties of metals and non-metals, including:
Describe the general chemical properties of metals, limited to their reactions with:
2. Uses of metals
Describe the uses of metals in terms of their physical properties, including: because of its low density electrical cables because of its low density and good electrical conductivity resistance to corrosion electrical conductivity and ductility:
3. Alloys and their properties
Describe an alloy as a mixture of a metal with other elements, including: elements such as chromium, nickel and carbon:
4. Reactivity series
Describe the reactions, if any, of: cold water with dilute hydrochloric acid and explain these reactions in terms of the position of the metals in the reactivity series:
5. Corrosion of metals
6. Extraction of metals
Describe the extraction of iron from hematite in the blast furnace, limited to: and produce carbon dioxide monoxide monoxide carbonate / limestone to produce calcium oxide Symbol equations are not required:
State the symbol equations for the extraction of iron from hematite:
Describe the extraction of aluminium from purified bauxite / aluminium oxide, including: replaced ionic half-equations Details of the purification of bauxite are not required:
1. Water
State that water from natural sources may contain substances, including:
State that some of these substances are beneficial, including: minerals for life:
State that some of these substances are potentially harmful, including: cause disease deoxygenation of water and damage to aquatic life Details of the eutrophication process are not required:
Describe the treatment of the domestic water supply in terms of:
2. Fertilisers
3. Air quality and climate
2 and the remainder as a mixture of noble gases and carbon dioxide, CO limited to: combustion of carbon-containing fuels incomplete combustion of carbon-containing fuels vegetation and waste gases from digestion in animals fuels which contain sulfur compounds:
State the adverse effect of these air pollutants, limited to: dioxide leading to increased global warming, which leads to climate change problems and cancer to increased global warming, which leads to climate change smog and respiratory problems:
State and explain strategies to reduce the effects of these environmental issues, limited to: in livestock farming, decreasing use of fossil fuels, increasing use of hydrogen and renewable energy, e.g. wind, solar vehicles, reducing emissions of sulfur dioxide by using low-sulfur fuels and flue gas desulfurisation with calcium oxide:
Describe how the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane cause global warming, limited to: thermal energy:
1. Formulae, functional groups and terminology
Write and interpret general formulae of compounds in the same homologous series, limited to:
Describe the general characteristics of a homologous series as: a –CH – unit:
2. Naming organic compounds
Name and draw the displayed formulae of: sections 11.4–11.7:
Name and draw the structural and displayed formulae of unbranched: but-1-ene and but-2-ene propan-1-ol, propan-2-ol, butan-1-ol and butan-2-ol containing up to four carbon atoms per molecule:
3. Fuels
Describe how the properties of fractions obtained from petroleum change from the bottom to the top of the fractionating column, limited to:
Name the uses of the fractions as: and cooking diesel engines home heating systems and polishes:
4. Alkanes
5. Alkenes
Describe the properties of alkenes in terms of addition reactions with: and draw the structural or displayed formulae of the products:
6. Alcohols
Describe the manufacture of ethanol by: in the presence of yeast and in the absence of oxygen at 300 °C and 6000 kPa / 60 atm in the presence of an acid catalyst:
State the uses of ethanol as:
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of the manufacture of ethanol by:
7. Carboxylic acids
Describe the reaction of ethanoic acid with: including names and formulae of the salts produced:
Describe the formation of ethanoic acid by the oxidation of ethanol: manganate( VII ) production:
8. Polymers
Describe the environmental challenges caused by plastics, limited to:
Deduce the structure or repeat unit of a condensation polymer from given monomers and vice versa, limited to: diamine:
Describe and draw the structure of: The full name for PET, polyethylene terephthalate, is not required:
1. Experimental design
Name appropriate apparatus for the measurement of time, temperature, mass and volume, including:
Describe a: solvent dissolved in a solvent the maximum concentration of a solute dissolved in the solvent at a specified temperature evaporation, distillation, filtration or any similar process through a filter:
2. Acid–base titrations
Describe an acid–base titration to include the use of a:
3. Chromatography
Interpret simple chromatograms to identify: known substances:
4. Separation and purification
Describe and explain methods of separation and purification using:
5. Identification of ions and gases
Describe tests to identify the anions: and then testing for carbon dioxide gas acidifying with dilute nitric acid then adding aqueous silver nitrate and aqueous sodium hydroxide and then testing for ammonia gas acid and then adding aqueous barium nitrate aqueous potassium manganate( VII ):
Describe tests using aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia to identify the aqueous cations:
Describe tests to identify the gases: potassium manganate( VII ):
Describe the use of a flame test to identify the cations: