History

History 0470 — specification explorer

All 371 specification statements from the official Cambridge International specification, as printed.

Paper/unit applicability has not been derived for this course yet — the statements below are the parsed specification, as printed.

1. Were the revolutions of 1848 important?

S1.001Why had liberalism and nationalism grown in influence by 1848?
S1.002Why were there so many revolutions in 1848?
S1.003Did the revolutions have anything in common?
S1.004Why did most of the revolutions fail?
S1.005Did the revolutions change anything?
S1.006The nature of revolutions in 1848 and the influence of liberalism and nationalism
S1.007Causes, events and results of revolutions in:
S1.008France
S1.009Italy
S1.010Germany
S1.011the Austrian Empire
S1.012Reasons for the failure of the revolutions
S1.013What were the motives behind European and US imperialism?
S1.014How varied were the impacts of European imperialism on Africans?
S1.015Why, and with what effects, did Indians resist British rule?
S1.016Why, and with what effects, did the United States gain former Spanish colonies?
S1.017Reasons for imperialism: economic, military, geopolitical, religious and cultural motives
S1.018Europeans in Africa: case studies of French, British and Belgian imperialism, and their impacts on
S1.019the French model of assimilation and direct rule; Faidherbe and Senegal
S1.020the British model of indirect rule; Lugard and Nigeria
S1.021the Belgians and private imperialism; Leopold II and the Congo
S1.022The British in India: the events of 1857 and the changes they brought to British rule
S1.023Wars of independence in the Philippines and Cuba, the Spanish–American War and the Treaty of Paris:
S1.024the debate in the USA over US imperialism
S1.025the Philippines; consequences of American control on the Filipinos
S1.026American intervention in Cuba to 1906

2. How was Italy unified?

1. How was Italy unified?

S2.001Why was Italy not unified in 1848–49?
S2.002How important was Garibaldi’s contribution to unifying Italy?
S2.003Did Cavour help or hinder the unification of Italy?
S2.004How important for other European countries were moves towards Italian unification?
S2.005Austrian influence over Italy
S2.006Italian nationalism and the role of Mazzini
S2.007Events of 1848–49
S2.008Victor Emmanuel II and Cavour: the agreement of Plombières, war with Austria in 1859
S2.009Garibaldi and the invasion of Sicily and Naples
S2.010The creation of the Kingdom of Italy, completion of unification by 1870
S2.011Did the Alliance System and global diplomacy make war more likely or less likely?
S2.012How far did colonial problems create tensions between the Great Powers?
S2.013Why were problems in the Balkans so difficult for the Great Powers to solve?
S2.014How did the assassination of Franz Ferdinand lead to war?
S2.015The origins of the First World War, 1890–1914:
S2.016the Alliance System and the European diplomatic system
S2.017the 1902 Anglo–Japanese Alliance
S2.018the arms race
S2.019colonial rivalries
S2.020developments in the Balkans
S2.021the crisis of June–July 1914 and the outbreak of war

3. How was Germany unified?

1. How was Germany unified?

S3.001Why was Germany not unified in 1848–50?
S3.002How did Bismarck bring about Austria’s defeat of 1866?
S3.003How did Bismarck bring about France’s defeat of 1870?
S3.004How far was Bismarck responsible for the unification of Germany?
S3.005German nationalism
S3.006The Zollverein
S3.007The 1848 revolution in Prussia
S3.008The setting up and eventual failure of the Frankfurt Parliament
S3.009Re-establishment of Austrian influence in Germany by 1850
S3.010Bismarck as Prussian Minister–President
S3.011Bismarck’s foreign policy to 1871:
S3.012Schleswig-Holstein
S3.013the Austro–Prussian War and its consequences
S3.014relations with France
S3.015the Spanish Succession and the Franco–Prussian War
S3.016the creation of the German empire
S3.017What were the motives and aims of the Big Three at Versailles?
S3.018Why did the victors not get everything they wanted?
S3.019What was the impact of the Treaty on Germany up to the end of 1923?
S3.020Could the Treaty be justified at the time?
S3.021The roles of Wilson, Clemenceau and Lloyd George in the peacemaking process
S3.022The terms of the Treaty
S3.023Social, economic and political impact of the Treaty in Germany to the end of 1923
S3.024Contemporary opinions about the Treaty

4. Why was there a civil war in the United States and what were its results?

1. Why was there a civil war in the United States and what were its results?

S4.001How far did slavery cause the Civil War?
S4.002What was the significance of Lincoln’s election as president?
S4.003Why was the North able to win the war?
S4.004Did the war change anything?
S4.005Causes and consequences of the American Civil War, 1820–77:
S4.006differences between North and South
S4.007slavery, slave states and free states, abolitionism
S4.008the 1860 election and secession of the Southern states
S4.009reasons for the North’s victory and the South’s defeat
S4.010the role of Lincoln
S4.011reconstruction and the extent of its success

5. 2 To what extent was the League of Nations a success?

1. 2 To what extent was the League of Nations a success?

S4.012How far did weaknesses in the League’s organisation and membership make failure inevitable?
S4.013How successful were the League’s attempts at peacekeeping in the 1920s?
S4.014How important was the League’s humanitarian work?
S4.015How far did the Depression make the work of the League more difficult in the 1930s?
S4.016The structure, aims and membership of the League
S4.017Successes and failures in peacekeeping during the 1920s:
S4.018Vilna 1920
S4.019Aaland Islands 1920–21
S4.020Corfu 1923
S4.021Bulgaria 1925
S4.022The League’s humanitarian work:
S4.023refugees
S4.024health
S4.025working conditions
S4.026slavery
S4.027The League in the 1930s:
S4.028causes, events and consequences of the Manchurian crisis and of the Abyssinian crisis

6. 3 How far was Hitler’s foreign policy to blame for the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939?

1. 3 How far was Hitler’s foreign policy to blame for the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939?

S4.029What were the long-term consequences of the Treaty of Versailles?
S4.030What were the consequences of the failures of the League of Nations in the 1930s?
S4.031Was the policy of appeasement justified?
S4.032How important was the Nazi–Soviet Pact?
S4.033Why did Britain and France declare war on Germany in September 1939?
S4.034Hitler’s foreign policy aims
S4.035Rearmament
S4.036The Saar
S4.037Remilitarisation of the Rhineland
S4.038The Rome–Berlin Axis and the Anti-Comintern Pact
S4.039German and Italian involvement in the Spanish Civil War
S4.040Anschluss with Austria
S4.041The crisis over Czechoslovakia and the Munich Agreement
S4.042The Polish crisis and the outbreak of war

7. 4 Who was to blame for the Cold War?

1. 4 Who was to blame for the Cold War?

S5.001Why did the US–Soviet alliance begin to break down in 1945?
S5.002How had the USSR gained control of Eastern Europe by 1948?
S5.003How did the United States react to Soviet expansionism?
S5.004What were the consequences of the Berlin Blockade?
S5.005Who was more to blame for starting the Cold War: the United States or the USSR?
S5.006The origins of the Cold War:
S5.007the 1945 summit conferences and the breakdown of the US–Soviet alliance in 1945–46
S5.008Soviet expansion into Eastern Europe to 1948, and American reactions to it
S5.009the occupation of Germany and the Berlin Blockade
S5.010NATO and the Warsaw Pact
S5.011The United States and events in Korea, 1950–53
S5.012The United States and events in Cuba, 1959–62
S5.013American involvement in Vietnam, 1955–75
S5.014Case studies of:
S5.015American reactions to North Korea’s invasion of South Korea, the involvement of the UN, the course of the war to 1953
S5.016American reactions to the Cuban Revolution, including the Missile Crisis and its aftermath
S5.017American involvement in the Vietnam War, including reasons for involvement, tactics and strategy, reasons for withdrawal
S5.018Why was there opposition to Soviet control in Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968, and how did the USSR react to this opposition?
S5.019How similar were events in Hungary in 1956 and in Czechoslovakia in 1968?
S5.020Why was the Berlin Wall built in 1961?
S5.021What was the significance of Solidarity in Poland for the decline of Soviet influence in Eastern Europe?
S5.022How far was Gorbachev personally responsible for the collapse of Soviet control over Eastern Europe?
S5.023Soviet power in Eastern Europe:
S5.024resistance to Soviet power in Hungary (1956) and Czechoslovakia (1968)
S5.025the Berlin Wall
S5.026Solidarity in Poland
S5.027Gorbachev and the collapse of Soviet control over Eastern Europe

8. 1 Why was there stalemate on the Western Front?

1. 1 Why was there stalemate on the Western Front?

S6.001Why did the Schlieffen Plan fail?
S6.002Why did a defensive war emerge by the end of 1914?
S6.003What was living and fighting in the trenches like?
S6.004How important were new methods of warfare?
S6.005What was the significance of the Battles of Verdun and the Somme?

9. 2 To what extent was it a world war?

1. 2 To what extent was it a world war?

S7.001How important was the role of troops from the British Empire on the Western Front?
S7.002What was the contribution of Indian and South African troops in Africa?
S7.003What was the contribution of Japan to the Allied victory?
S7.004How important was the Arab Revolt?

10. 3 How important were other fronts?

1. 3 How important were other fronts?

S8.001Who won the war at sea?
S8.002Why did the Gallipoli Campaign of 1915 fail?
S8.003How important was the Eastern Front?
S8.004What was the impact of war on civilian populations?

11. 4 Why did Germany ask for an armistice in 1918?

1. 4 Why did Germany ask for an armistice in 1918?

S9.001What was the importance of America’s entry into the war?
S9.002Why was the German offensive of 1918 unsuccessful?
S9.003Why did revolution break out in Germany in October 1918?
S9.004Why was the Armistice signed?
S9.005The Schlieffen Plan and how it worked in practice:
S9.006the German advance through Belgium and the impact of the British Expeditionary Force
S9.007the effect on the western front of Russian mobilisation
S9.008The battles of Mons and the Marne, the race to the sea and the First Battle of Ypres:
S9.009the reaction to the stalemate: trenches and the development of a war of attrition
S9.010The nature and problems of trench warfare
S9.011The use and impact of developments such as tanks, machine guns, aircraft and gas
S9.012The impact of the battles of Verdun and the Somme:
S9.013the leadership and tactics of Haig at the Battle of the Somme
S9.014The role and experiences of British Empire troops on the Western Front:
S9.015Case study: Indian troops
S9.016Case study: Canadian troops
S9.017The war in Africa:
S9.018Case study: German East Africa
S9.019Case study: South West Africa
S9.020Contribution of Japan in Asia:
S9.021the siege of Tsingtao
S9.022naval assistance in securing the sea lanes
S9.023The Arab Revolt
S9.024The war at sea:
S9.025the Battle of Jutland and its consequences
S9.026the use of convoys and submarines and the U-boat campaign
S9.027The reasons for, and results of, the Gallipoli campaign
S9.028Events on the Eastern Front and the defeat of Russia
S9.029The impact of war on civilian populations
S9.030The German offensive of 1918 and the Allied advance:
S9.031the impact of American entry into the war
S9.032Conditions in Germany towards the end of the war:
S9.033the Kiel Mutiny and German Revolution
S9.034the abdication of the Kaiser
S9.035The Armistice

12. 1 Was the Weimar Republic doomed from the start?

1. 1 Was the Weimar Republic doomed from the start?

S10.001How did Germany emerge from defeat at the end of the First World War?
S10.002What was the impact of the Treaty of Versailles on the Republic?
S10.003To what extent did the Republic recover after 1923?
S10.004What were the achievements of the Weimar period?

13. 2 Why was Hitler able to dominate Germany by 1934?

1. 2 Why was Hitler able to dominate Germany by 1934?

S11.001What did the Nazi Party stand for in the 1920s?
S11.002Why did the Nazis have little success before 1930?
S11.003Why was Hitler able to become Chancellor by 1933?
S11.004How did Hitler consolidate his power in 1933–34?

14. (a) How effectively did the Nazis control Germany, 1933–45?

1. (a) How effectively did the Nazis control Germany, 1933–45?

S12.001How much opposition was there to the Nazi regime?
S12.002How effectively did the Nazis deal with their political opponents?
S12.003How did the Nazis use culture and the mass media to control the people?
S12.004Why did the Nazis persecute many groups in German society?
S12.005Was Nazi Germany a totalitarian state?

15. (b) What was it like to live in Nazi Germany?

1. (b) What was it like to live in Nazi Germany?

S13.001How did young people react to the Nazi regime?
S13.002How successful were Nazi policies towards women and the family?
S13.003Did most people in Germany benefit from Nazi rule?
S13.004How did the coming of war change life in Nazi Germany?
S13.005The Revolution of 1918 and the establishment of the Republic
S13.006The Versailles Settlement and German reactions to it
S13.007The Weimar Constitution, the main political divisions, the role of the army
S13.008Political disorder, 1919–23:
S13.009threats from the left and the right
S13.010economic crises and hyper-inflation
S13.011the occupation of the Ruhr
S13.012The Stresemann era:
S13.013economic achievements
S13.014foreign policy achievements
S13.015Cultural achievements of the Weimar period
S13.016The early years of the Nazi Party:
S13.017Nazi ideas and methods
S13.018the Munich Putsch
S13.019the roles of Hitler and other Nazi leaders
S13.020The impact of the Depression on Germany:
S13.021political, economic and social crisis of 1930–33
S13.022reasons for the Nazis’ rise to power
S13.023Hitler takes power
S13.024the Reichstag Fire and the election of 1933
S13.025Nazi rule in Germany:
S13.026the Enabling Act
S13.027the Night of the Long Knives
S13.028the death of Hindenburg
S13.029the removal of opposition
S13.030methods of control and repression
S13.031use of culture and the mass media
S13.032Economic policy including rearmament
S13.033Different experiences of Nazi rule:
S13.034women and young people
S13.035anti-Semitism
S13.036persecution of minorities
S13.037opposition to Nazi rule
S13.038Impact of the Second World War on Germany:
S13.039the conversion to a war economy
S13.040the Final Solution

16. 1 Why did the Tsarist regime collapse in 1917?

1. 1 Why did the Tsarist regime collapse in 1917?

S14.001How well did the Tsarist regime deal with the difficulties of ruling Russia up to 1914?
S14.002How did the Tsar survive the 1905 Revolution?
S14.003How far was the Tsar weakened by the First World War?
S14.004Why was the revolution of March 1917 successful?
S14.005How effectively did the Provisional Government rule Russia in 1917?
S14.006Why were the Bolsheviks able to seize power in November 1917?
S14.007Why did the Bolsheviks win the Civil War?
S14.008How far was the New Economic Policy a success?

17. 3 How did Stalin gain and hold on to power?

1. 3 How did Stalin gain and hold on to power?

S15.001Why did Stalin, and not Trotsky, emerge as Lenin’s successor?
S15.002Why did Stalin launch the Purges?
S15.003What methods did Stalin use to control the Soviet Union?
S15.004How complete was Stalin’s control over the Soviet Union by 1941?

18. 4 What was the impact of Stalin’s economic policies?

1. 4 What was the impact of Stalin’s economic policies?

S16.001Why did Stalin introduce the Five-Year Plans?
S16.002Why did Stalin introduce collectivisation?
S16.003How successful were Stalin’s economic changes?
S16.004How were the Soviet people affected by these changes?
S16.005The main features of Tsarist rule and Russian society before the First World War:
S16.006the 1905 Revolution and its aftermath
S16.007attempts at reform
S16.008The First World War and its impact on the Russian people
S16.009The March Revolution of 1917
S16.010The Provisional Government and the Soviets, the growing power of revolutionary groups
S16.011Reasons for the failure of the Provisional Government
S16.012The Bolshevik seizure of power, the role of Lenin
S16.013The main features of Bolshevik rule, the Civil War and War Communism, and reasons for the Bolshevik victory
S16.014The Kronstadt Rising and the establishment of the New Economic Policy
S16.015Lenin’s death and the struggle for power
S16.016Reasons for Stalin’s emergence as leader by 1928
S16.017Stalin’s dictatorship:
S16.018use of terror
S16.019the Purges
S16.020propaganda and official culture
S16.021Stalin’s economic policies and their impact:
S16.022the modernisation of Soviet industry
S16.023the Five-Year Plans
S16.024collectivisation in agriculture
S16.025Life in the Soviet Union:
S16.026the differing experiences of social groups
S16.027ethnic minorities and women

19. 1 How far did the US economy boom in the 1920s?

1. 1 How far did the US economy boom in the 1920s?

S17.001On what factors was the economic boom based?
S17.002Why did some industries prosper while others did not?
S17.003Why did agriculture not share in the prosperity?
S17.004Did all Americans benefit from the boom?

20. 2 How far did US society change in the 1920s?

1. 2 How far did US society change in the 1920s?

S18.001What were the ‘Roaring Twenties’?
S18.002How widespread was intolerance in US society?
S18.003Why was Prohibition introduced, and then later repealed?
S18.004How far did the roles of women change during the 1920s?
S18.005How far was speculation responsible for the Wall Street Crash?
S18.006What impact did the Crash have on the economy?
S18.007What were the social consequences of the Crash?
S18.008Why did Roosevelt win the election of 1932?

21. 4 How successful was the New Deal?

1. 4 How successful was the New Deal?

S19.001What was the New Deal as introduced in 1933?
S19.002How far did the character of the New Deal change after 1933?
S19.003Why did the New Deal encounter opposition?
S19.004Why did unemployment persist despite the New Deal?
S19.005Did the fact that the New Deal did not solve unemployment mean that it was a failure?
S19.006The expansion of the US economy during the 1920s:
S19.007government policies
S19.008mass production in industries for cars and other consumer goods
S19.009the fortunes of older industries
S19.010the development of credit and hire purchase
S19.011the decline of agriculture
S19.012Weaknesses in the economy by the late 1920s
S19.013Society in the 1920s:
S19.014the ‘Roaring Twenties’
S19.015film and other media
S19.016Prohibition and gangsterism
S19.017restrictions on immigration, the ‘Red Scare’, religious intolerance
S19.018discrimination against Black Americans
S19.019the Ku Klux Klan
S19.020the changing roles of women
S19.021The Wall Street Crash and its financial, economic and social effects
S19.022The reaction of President Hoover to the Crash
S19.023The presidential election of 1932; Hoover’s and Roosevelt’s programmes
S19.024Roosevelt’s inauguration and the ‘Hundred Days’
S19.025The New Deal legislation, the ‘alphabet agencies’ and their work, and the economic and social changes they caused
S19.026Opposition to the New Deal:
S19.027the Republicans
S19.028the rich
S19.029business interests
S19.030the Supreme Court
S19.031radical critics like Huey Long
S19.032The strengths and weaknesses of the New Deal programme in dealing with unemployment and the

22. 1 How did the Second World War in Europe develop?

1. 1 How did the Second World War in Europe develop?

S20.001To what extent had Nazi Germany gained control of Europe in 1940?
S20.002Why was Germany unable to conquer Britain?
S20.003Why did Hitler invade the Soviet Union in 1941?
S20.004Why was the Battle of Stalingrad a turning point?
S20.005How did US–Japanese relationships deteriorate?
S20.006How successful was the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor?
S20.007Why were the Japanese successful in the initial stages of the war?
S20.008Why was the Battle of Midway a turning point?
S20.009What was the impact on civilians of the bombing of Britain (1940–41) and Germany (1943–45)?
S20.010How did Japanese control impact on peoples’ lives?
S20.011What were the experiences of civilian populations in Nazi-occupied Europe?
S20.012How effective were resistance movements in Europe and the Asia–Pacific?

23. 4 How did the Allies achieve victory over the Axis powers?

1. 4 How did the Allies achieve victory over the Axis powers?

S21.001What was the importance of the Allied advance through Italy?
S21.002Why was Nazi Germany on the point of collapse by April 1945?
S21.003Why were the Allies able to achieve victory over Japan?
S21.004How did the Allies consolidate their victories in Germany and Japan?
S21.005Extent of German conquest of Europe 1940:
S21.006invasion of and surrender of France; Vichy government in France
S21.007Dunkirk
S21.008German plans to invade Britain (Operation Sea Lion)
S21.009the Battle of Britain and its consequences
S21.010Operation Barbarossa and initial Nazi successes
S21.011German defeat at Stalingrad and its impact
S21.012The reasons for the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and its consequences
S21.013Reasons for initial Japanese military successes in Southeast Asia by early 1942:
S21.014Case study: Malaya and Singapore
S21.015The Battle of Midway and its impact
S21.016The impact of bombing on peoples’ lives and morale in Europe:
S21.017the Blitz
S21.018Allied bombing of German cities
S21.019The impact of Japanese control on people’s lives:
S21.020Case study: Malaya and Singapore
S21.021The impact of Nazi control in occupied Europe:
S21.022Case study: Poland, including circumstances leading to the Holocaust and its impact
S21.023The methods and effectiveness of resistance movements in Malaya and in France
S21.024The Allied invasion of Sicily and victory over German forces in Italy
S21.025The collapse and surrender of Nazi Germany in 1945:
S21.026the D-Day landings and the advance to Germany
S21.027the Russian advance from the East
S21.028The reasons for the defeat of Japan:
S21.029the battles of Guadalcanal and Okinawa
S21.030the US strategy of island-hopping
S21.031the bombing of Japan
S21.032the decision to use the atomic bomb and its consequences
S21.033Consolidation of victory:
S21.034the Allied occupations and control of Germany and Japan
S21.035the war crimes trials in Nuremberg and Tokyo