11 questions · 110 marks · ≈ 2 hours
This question is about wave behaviour.
The boxes give three types of wave behaviour and the diagrams give three examples of wave behaviour. Draw one straight line from each wave behaviour to the example that best shows that behaviour. Wave behaviour Example air total internal reflection aluminium air glass refraction air reflection glass
State two properties that all waves have in common. 1 2
This question is about the movement of a train. The diagram shows the train on a track. The train starts braking at point P and stops moving at point Q. P Q The graph shows how the train’s velocity changes with time as the train travels from P to Q. Velocity in m/s 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Time in s
Calculate the acceleration of the train. acceleration = ………………………………………… m/s²
Calculate the distance travelled by the train from P to Q. distance = ………………………………………… m
Draw a line on the graph to show how the train’s velocity will change if its initial velocity is the same but the braking force is lower.
This question is about stars.
Describe the stages in the evolution of a star similar in mass to the Sun.
The process of energy release in the core of a star is different to the process of energy release in a nuclear reactor in a power station. Describe how these processes of energy release are different.
State Hooke’s Law.
The graph shows how the extension of a rubber band varies with the force applied. Extension Force Explain how the graph shows that the rubber band does not obey Hooke’s Law.
Diagram 1 shows a model aeroplane powered by a rubber band. propeller rubber band Diagram 1 A person rotates the propeller of the model aeroplane, which twists the rubber band. He then releases the propeller and it spins. Energy transfer occurs during this process. The box lists words associated with energy. kinetic gravitational electrostatic mechanical elastic magnetic heating chemical radiation Use words from the box to complete the passage. The person does work to twist the rubber band. As the person twists the rubber band it extends, increasing the energy store of the rubber band. When the rubber band is released it does mechanical work, increasing the energy store of the propeller.
Diagram 2 shows the aeroplane flying horizontally to the right. lift thrust Diagram 2 The aeroplane flies at a constant speed. Diagram 2 shows two forces acting on the aeroplane. Draw labelled arrows on diagram 2 to show two more forces acting on the aeroplane.
A student does an investigation to determine the current-voltage graph for an unknown component, X. The student uses this equipment
Complete the circuit diagram to show how the student should set up this equipment for her investigation. component X
The student completes her investigation. The table shows her results. Voltage in V Current in mA 0.00 0 0.10 0 0.20 0 0.30 0 0.40 0 0.50 2 0.60 8 0.70 33 0.80 140
Plot a graph of the student’s results on the grid. Plot current on the y-axis and voltage on the x-axis.
Draw a curve of best fit.
State the name of component X.
The diagram shows an electric circuit. 6.0 V 6.8 mA 490 Ω
When the thermistor is in hot water, its resistance is 490 Ω. Show that the resistance of the fixed resistor is about 400 Ω.
Explain how the voltage across the fixed resistor changes when the hot water is replaced with cold water.
This is a question about Io, a moon of Jupiter. The diagram shows two jets of gas from volcanoes on Io. One jet of gas is from the volcano Prometheus and the other is from the volcano Tvashtar. Tvashtar Prometheus
Gas particles in the Prometheus jet leave the surface of Io and move vertically upwards. The particles reach their maximum height when their speed is zero. Some particles in the Prometheus jet reach a maximum height of 92 km. Calculate the initial speed of these particles as they leave the surface of Io. [acceleration due to gravity on Io = 1.8 m/s²] initial speed = ………………………………………… m/s
Before the gas particles leave the surface of Io, they are trapped in a chamber. jet of gas chamber
Explain how the gas particles exert a pressure on the walls of the chamber.
The Tvashtar chamber has the same volume as the Prometheus chamber and contains the same number of molecules of the same type of gas. The temperature of the gas in the Prometheus chamber is 1200 K. The temperature of the gas in the Tvashtar chamber is 1600 K. The pressure of the gas in the Prometheus chamber is 8.2 kPa. Calculate the pressure of the gas in the Tvashtar chamber. pressure = ………………………………………… kPa
Explain why the pressure inside the chambers increases when the temperature increases. Use ideas about particles in your answer.
Explain why the particles from the Tvashtar chamber reach a greater maximum height than the particles from the Prometheus chamber.
This question is about atmospheric optical illusions.
A mirage is an optical illusion formed due to total internal reflection of light from the sky at the boundary between cold air and hot air. Diagram 1 shows how a mirage is formed. eye patch of sky 89° 89° cold air image of patch of sky hot air not to scale Diagram 1
State the formula linking critical angle and refractive index.
The critical angle of the cold air at the boundary is 88.500° Calculate the refractive index of the cold air. Give your answer to 5 significant figures. refractive index = …………………………………………
Diagram 2 shows a ray of light from the Sun. The refractive index of the atmosphere is greater than the refractive index of space. Complete the diagram by drawing the path of the ray of light through the atmosphere. space atmosphere ray of light from Sun Earth Diagram 2
Diagram 3 shows a ray of light from the Sun when the Sun is directly overhead. ray of light from Sun space atmosphere Earth Diagram 3 Explain why the ray of light does not change direction when it enters the atmosphere.
Explain why the wavelength of the light reduces when it enters the atmosphere.
Suggest why the Sun appears not to be circular when it is close to the horizon at sunset.
This question is about a radio powered by a person turning a handle. The radio has a battery which stores energy when the handle is turned.
The diagram shows the part of the radio called a generator. The generator produces a voltage which does electrical work on the battery. N coil net mag S connected to battery handle et magn Explain how the generator produces a voltage.
The radio receives a radio wave of frequency 93 MHz.
State the formula linking speed, frequency and wavelength of a wave.
Calculate the wavelength of the radio wave. [speed of radio waves = 3.0 × 10⁸ m/s] wavelength = ………………………………………… m
The signal received by the radio is converted into an alternating current (a.c.) signal.
Describe how the loudspeaker in the radio converts this a.c. signal into a sound wave.
State a modification that would increase the force on the loudspeaker coil.
Technetium-98 and technetium-99 are isotopes of the element technetium.
Describe the difference between the nuclei of technetium-98 and technetium-99
Technetium-99 is formed when the element molybdenum-99 decays. Complete the nuclear equation for the decay of molybdenum into technetium-99 99 Mo → 99 Tc + 0 β
Describe an experiment that a scientist could use to demonstrate that the emission from technetium-99 is gamma radiation. Include details of a safety precaution in your answer.
A scientist measures the count rate at different distances from the technetium source. The graph shows how the count rate changes with distance from the technetium source. 100 Count rate in kBq 0 1 2 3 4 5 Distance in m The scientist suggests that the relationship between the count rate and distance is (distance)² × count rate = constant Use data from the graph to determine whether these results support this relationship.
This question is about satellites and their orbits.
State a difference between an artificial satellite’s orbit and a planet’s orbit.
State a similarity between an artificial satellite’s orbit and a moon’s orbit.
KALPANA-1 was an artificial satellite used to monitor the weather.
The diagram shows the orbit of the satellite. orbital height above speed surface of Earth not to scale KALPANA-1 satellite Earth KALPANA-1 has an orbital speed of 3.1 km/s and completes one orbit in 24 hours. Calculate the height of KALPANA-1’s orbit above the Earth’s surface. [radius of Earth = 6400 km] height above surface = ………………………………………… km
The Doppler effect occurs when there is relative motion between the source of waves and the observer of the waves. Explain how the Doppler effect causes a change in the observed frequency of the waves.
Suggest why the radio waves from KALPANA-1 detected on the Earth’s surface are not affected by the Doppler effect.