Process Management (Cambridge International A-Level Computer Science)

Multitasking & process states

What is multitasking?

• Multitasking is the ability of the operating system to manage system resources (such as memory and the CPU) in a way that gives the user the impression that multiple programs are running at the same time
• In reality, the CPU can only execute one instruction at a time
• It can process billions of instructions per second, and can switch between tasks so quickly that it gives the illusion of programs running simultaneously
• The OS splits tasks and allocates system resources based on a priority

What is a process?

• A process is a program in execution

• This includes:

  • The program code
  • Current data
  • Register values
  • Memory space

• Each running application is treated as a separate process by the OS

• A process does not always run continuously

• It changes state depending on what it’s doing and whether it has access to the CPU or is waiting for something

Process states

Scheduling routines

What is scheduling?

• Deciding **which tasks **to process, for how long, and in what order is achieved through scheduling algorithms
• A CPU is responsible for processing tasks as fast as possible
• Different algorithms are used to** prioritise and process** tasks that need CPU time
• The algorithms have different uses, benefits and drawbacks

Scheduling categories

• Pre-emptive: allocates the CPU for time-limited slots

  • Allocates the CPU for a specific time quantum to a process
  • Allows interruption of processes currently being handled
  • It can result in low-priority processes being neglected if high-priority processes arrive frequently
  • Example algorithms include Round Robin and Shortest Remaining Time First

• Non-pre-emptive: allocates the CPU to tasks for unlimited time slots

  • Once the CPU is allocated to a process, the process holds it until it completes its burst time or switches to a 'waiting' state
  • A process cannot be interrupted unless it completes or its burst time is reached
  • If a process with a long burst time is running, shorter processes will be neglected
  • Example algorithms include First Come First Serve and Shortest Job First

Scheduling algorithms

Round robin (RR)

• RR is a pre-emptive scheduling algorithm
• Equally distributing processor time amongst all processes
• Each process is given a time quantum to execute
• Processes that are ready to be worked on get queued
• If a process hasn’t been completed by the end of its time quantum, it will be moved to the back of the queue

Round robin scheduling algorithm

First-Come-First-Served (FCFS)

• FCFS is non-pre-emptive, prioritising processes that arrive at the queue first
• The process currently being worked on will block all other processes until it is complete
• All new tasks join the back of the queue

First-Come-First-Served scheduling algorithm

Multi-Level Feedback Queue (MLFQ)

• MLFQ is a pre-emptive priority algorithm where shorter and more critical tasks are processed first
• Multiple queues are used so that tasks of equal size are grouped together
• All processes will join the highest priority queue but will trickle down to lower priority queues if they exceed the time quantum

Multi-Level Feedback Queue scheduling algorithm

Shortest Job First (SJF)

• SJF is non-pre-emptive, where all processes are continuously sorted by burst time from shortest to longest
• When new processes arrive on the queue, they are prioritised based on their burst time in the next cycle
• Shorter jobs are placed at the front of the priority queue
• Longer jobs have lower priority, so they are placed at the back

Shortest job first scheduling algorithm

Shortest Remaining Time First (SRTF)

• SRTF is a pre-emptive version of SJF, where processes with the shortest remaining time are higher priority
• Time quantum is set, and if a task doesn’t complete in time, it will be re-queued for further processing
• Before the next cycle starts, all processes are inspected and ordered by the shortest remaining time to complete

Shortest remaining time first scheduling algorithm

Summery

• The suitability of a scheduling algorithm largely depends on the specific scenario and the system requirements
• A drawback in one scenario may not be a drawback in another

Interrupt handling & kernel

What is the interrupt handling process?

1. Interrupt signal occurs (e.g. input from keyboard, DMA completion, timer)
2. Current process is paused and its state is saved (registers, PC, etc.)
3. The kernel identifies the source and priority of the interrupt
4. The appropriate Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) is called
5. Once complete, the original process is restored and resumed

Low-level scheduling via interrupts

• Interrupts are essential for the OS to perform low-level scheduling, which involves:

• The scheduler, which is part of the kernel, uses these interrupts to decide which process should run next, often based on a priority or time slice system